Bacampicillin

Absorption	Absorbed following oral administration.
Volume of distribution	Not Available
Protein binding	Not Available
Metabolism
Route of elimination	Not Available
Half life	Not Available
Clearance	Not Available
Toxicity	Not Available
Affected organisms	Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria

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Aztreonam

Absorption	Less than 1% absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract following oral administration. Completely absorbed following intramuscular administration.
Volume of distribution	12.6 L
Protein binding	Serum protein binding averaged 56% and is independent of dose. Impaired renal function, 36 to 43%.
Metabolism	Approximately 6 to 16% metabolized to inactive metabolites by hydrolysis of the beta-lactam bond, resulting in an open-ring compound.
Route of elimination	In healthy subjects, aztreonam is excreted in the urine about equally by active tubular secretion and glomerular filtration. Urinary excretion of a single parenteral dose was essentially complete by 12 hours after injection.
Half life	The serum half-life of aztreonam averaged 1.7 hours (1.5 to 2.0) in subjects with normal renal function, independent of the dose. In elderly patients and in patients with impaired renal function, the mean serum half-life of aztreonam increased (4.7 to 6 hours and 2.1 hours, respectively).
Clearance	91 mL/min [healthy]
Toxicity	Not Available
Affected organisms	Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria

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Azlocillin

Absorption	Not significantly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Volume of distribution	Not Available
Protein binding	20 to 46% bound to plasma proteins
Metabolism	Eliminated predominantly by renal mechanisms, but also undergoes biotransformation within body tissues and intraintestinal degradation by bowel bacteria, with high concentrations found in bile.
Route of elimination	Not Available
Half life	Mean elimination half-life is 1.3 to 1.5 hours. Longer in neonates, and 2 to 6 hours in patients with renal impairment.
Clearance	Not Available
Toxicity	Not Available
Affected organisms	Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria

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Azithromycin

Absorption	Bioavailability is 37% following oral administration. Absorption is not affected by food. Azithromycin is extensively distributed in tissues with tissue concentrations reaching up to 50 times greater than plasma concentrations. Drug becomes concentrated within macrophages and polymorphonucleocytes giving it good activity against Chlamydia trachomatis.
Volume of distribution	31.1 L/kg
Protein binding	Serum protein binding is variable in the concentration range approximating human exposure, decreasing from 51% at 0.02 µg/mL to 7% at 2 µg/mL.
Metabolism	Hepatic. In vitro and in vivo studies to assess the metabolism of azithromycin have not been performed.
Route of elimination	Biliary excretion of azithromycin, predominantly as unchanged drug, is a major route of elimination.
Half life	68 hours
Clearance	apparent plasma cl=630 mL/min [following single 500 mg oral and i.v. doses]
Toxicity	Potentially serious side effects of angioedema and cholestatic jaundice were reported
Affected organisms	Enteric bacteria and other eubacteria

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Azidocillin

Absorption	Not Available
Volume of distribution	Not Available
Protein binding	Not Available
Metabolism
Route of elimination	Not Available
Half life	Not Available
Clearance	Not Available
Toxicity	Not Available
Affected organisms	Not Available
Pathways	Not Available

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Azelastine

Absorption	Absorption of azelastine following ocular administration was relatively low. Systemic bioavailability is approximately 40% after nasal administration.
Volume of distribution	14.5 L/kg
Protein binding	In-vitro studies in human plasma indicate that the plasma protein binding of azelastine and N-desmethylazelastine are approximately 88% and 97%, respectively.
Metabolism	Azelastine hydrochloride is oxidatively metabolized to the principal metabolite, N-desmethylazelastine, by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, however the exact cytochrome P450 isoenzyme involved has not been determined. The major metabolite, desmethylazelastine, also has H1-receptor antagonist activity. Enzyme Metabolite Reaction Km Vmax Cytochrome P450 2D6 Desmethylazelastine Cytochrome P450 1A2 Desmethylazelastine Cytochrome P450 3A4 Desmethylazelastine Cytochrome P450 2C19 Desmethylazelastine
Route of elimination	Approximately 75% of an oral dose of radiolabeled azelastine hydrochloride was excreted in the feces with less than 10% as unchanged azelastine. Azelastine hydrochloride is oxidatively metabolized to the principal metabolite, N-desmethylazelastine, by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system.
Half life	Elimination half-life (based on intravenous and oral administration) is 22 hours. Elimination half-life of the active metabolite, desmethylazelastine, is 54 hours (after oral administration of azelastine).
Clearance	0.5 L/h/kg [symptomatic patients]
Toxicity	Not Available

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Azelaic Acid

Absorption	Approximately 4% of the topically applied azelaic acid is systemically absorbed.
Volume of distribution	Not Available
Protein binding	Not Available
Metabolism	Mainly excreted unchanged in the urine but undergoes some b-oxidation to shorter chain dicarboxylic acids.
Route of elimination	Azelaic acid is mainly excreted unchanged in the urine, but undergoes some ß-oxidation to shorter chain dicarboxylic acids.
Half life	The observed half-lives in healthy subjects are approximately 45 minutes after oral dosing and 12 hours after topical dosing, indicating percutaneous absorption rate-limited kinetics.
Clearance	Not Available
Toxicity	Oral LD50 in rat: >5 g/kg
Affected organisms	Various aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms

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